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http://www.abbs.info e-mail:[email protected] ISSN 0582-9879
ACTA BIOCHIMICA et
BIOPHYSICA SINICA 2003, 35(7): 619–623
CN 31-1300/Q |
Characterization of a New
Bradykinin-potentiating Peptide (TmF) from Trimeresurus mucrosquamatus
JIA Yong-Hong1, 2,
LI Dong-Sheng1, ZHU Shao-Wen1, ZHANG Li-Yue1, DING
Li-Sheng3, WANG Wan-Yu1, XIONG Yu-Liang1*
(
1Department of Animal Toxinology, Kunming Institute of Zoology, the
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China; 2Graduate School
of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100009, China; 3Chengdu
Institute of Biology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China )
Key words
Bradykinin first
discovered by Rocha e Silva et al.[1] is the hydrolyzed product of the
low-molecular-weight (LMW) kininogen by tissue kallikrein, or certain venom
kallikreins[2, 3]. It can induce the contraction of guinea-pig ileum in vitro,
and also caused the blood-pressure-lowering effect[4]. Furthermore, bradykinin
has been implicated in multiple physiological processes such as control of
blood pressure, contraction or relaxation of smooth muscle, inflammatory
responses, and induction of nociception and hyperalgesia[2, 5]. Interestingly,
it was found that there existed a factor in Bothrops jararaca venom which was
able to potentiate the biological actions of bradykinin[6, 7]. Moreover, this
factor could inhibit the enzymatic activity of angiotensin-converting enzyme
(ACE)[8], which was a cytoplasmatic membrane peptidase of endothelial cells
responsible for the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II[6, 9, 10].
This factor, exhibiting both bradykinin-potentiating activity and inhibitory
activity to ACE, was designated as bradykinin-potentiating peptide (BPP) or ACE
inhibitor. Since then, many bradykinin-potentiating peptides have been
demonstrated and isolated from snake venoms[9, 11, 12], for example, five from
Agkistrodon blomhoffii[13], nine from Bothrops jararaca[14] and three from
Bothrops neuwiedi[7]. The analysis of the primary structures of these peptides
revealed that they belonged to 5－13 amino acid peptides with N-terminus pGlu and C-terminal tripeptide
Ile-Pro-Pro. However, up to date, the purified BPPs were only from the venom of
Agkistrodon or Bothrops genus, there was still no report on other genera. Is
there the existence of BPP in venom of other genera? It led us to investigated
the venom of T. mucrosquamatus, which distributes in most region of China,
especially Hunan province. Finally, a novel BPP termed TmF was purified and
characterized, which was an undecapeptide possessing dual activity.
1 Materials and Methods
1.1 Materials
The lyophilized T. mucrosquamatus crude venom was from the stock of the Kunming Institute of Zoology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences. Sephadex G-15 was from Pharmacia (Uppsala, Sweden). RP-HPLC C18 column (Nava-Pak C18 column, 3.9 mm×300 mm) was obtained from Waters. Bradykinin and pyroglutamate aminopeptidase (PAP) were purchased from Sigma. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) was partially purified from the rat plasma. Guinea pig and cat were from Kunming Medical Institute. Other reagents used were of analytic grade from commercial sources.
1.2 Isolation process
The lyophilized T. mucrosquamatus venom (2 g) was extracted with three times volumes of 70% cold methanol followed by vacuum evaporation of the extracted fluid. The remaining powder was dissolved in 3 mL of 50 mmol/L ammonium acetate (pH 4.7, containing 0.1 mol/L NaCl) and chromatographed on a Sephadex G-15 column (2 cm×100 cm) previously equilibrated with the same buffer at a flow rate of 30 mL/h. The fractions exhibiting the potentiating activity to bradykinin-induced contraction on guinea-pig ileum in vitro were pooled, and then applied to a RP-HPLC C18 column (Nava-Pak C18 column, 3.9 mm×300 mm) previously equilibrated with 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), the elution was performed with solution B (acetonitrile, containing 0.1% TFA) with the gradient of 0%－20%, 20%－70%, 70%－100% at flow rate of 0.7 mL/min. The peptide was monitored spectrophotometrically at 215 nm.
1.3 Mass spectrometry analysis
Electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) was performed on a Finnigan LCQ DECA with the spraying voltage 4 kV and the capillary temperature 150 ℃. The signal of (M-H) was examined.
1.4 Sequence analysis
TmF was digested with PAP, and the resulted peptide was purified by RP-HPLC C18 (Nava-Pak C18 column, 3.9 mm×300 mm). The amino acid sequence of the PAP-treated peptide was determined on Model 476A protein sequencer (Applied Biosystem, USA).
1.5 Biological assay
The bradykinin-potentiating activity of TmF was determined on the isolated guinea-pig ileum in vitro according to the method of Ferreiraet al.[7]. The increment of TmF to bradykinin-induced contraction was statistically analyzed; the contraction effect of bradykinin alone was used as a control. One potentiating “unit” was defined as the amount of the peptide per liter needed to double the activity of bradykinin with a dose of 1 mg/L[15].
1.6 Arterial blood pressure
The adult male cats (2－3 kg) in normotensive state were anaesthetized with nembutal (30 mg/kg) according to the method of Ferreira et al.[16], and then four groups of sample combinations: bradykinin (5×10－5 mg/kg)+TmF (5×10－4 mg/kg), bradykinin (8×10－5 mg/kg)+TmF (5×10－4 mg/kg), bradykinin (5×10－5 mg/kg)+TmF (1.0×10－3 mg/kg) and bradykinin (8×10－5 mg/kg)+TmF (1.0×10－3 mg/kg) were respectively checked; the blood depression effect of bradykinin (5×10－5 mg/kg) alone was used as a control. The data of arterial blood pressure were recorded by LMS-2B physiological recorder.
1.7 ACE inhibition
Different doses
of TmF were incubated with ACE (5×10－2 mg) in 1 mL Krebs solution at 37 ℃
for about 30 min, respectively, the residual activity of ACE was then assayed
with bradykinin. The hydrolyzing effect of ACE to BK in the absence of TmF was
used as a control.
2 Results
2.1 Purification and primary structure
determination of TmF
Three protein peaks were observed in Sephadex G-15 gel filtration elution profile, and the curve of bradykinin-potentiating effect of each tube was as below[Fig.1(A)]. The fractions in peak 1 exhibiting strong bradykinin-potentiating activity were pooled, and then fractionated by a RP-HPLC C18 column, TmF appeared in the first peak[Fig.1(B)].
Fig.1
Purification scheme of TmF from the venom of Trimersurus mucrosquamatus
(A) Gel filtration chromatography of the vacuum-evaporated powder on a
Sephadex G-15 column (2 cm×100 cm). The elution buffer used was 50 mmol/L
ammonium acetate (pH 4.7, containing 0.1 mol/L NaCl). Fraction volume of 3 mL
of each tube was pooled, and protein concentration was estimated by the
absorbance at 280 nm (—). The bradykinin-potentiating activity was assayed on
the guinea-pig ileum in vitro. The fractions in peak 1 (indicated by an arrow)
were pooled (---). (B) Collected fractions rechromatographed on RP-HPLC C18
column (Nava-Pak C18 column, 3.9 mm×300 mm) previously equilibrated with 0.1%
trifluoroacetic acid (TFA). The elution was performed with solution B
(acetonitrile, containing 0.1% TFA) with the gradient of 0%－20%, 20%－70%, 70%－100% at flow rate
of 0.7 mL/min. The eluted fractions were monitored spectrophotometerically at
215 nm. TmF was found in peak 1 (indicated by arrow).
The (M-H) signal of ESI-MS showed the molecular mass of TmF to be 1.1097 kD (Fig.2).]
Fig.2 ESI-MS of TmF
The (M-H) of spectrum was
shown by electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) with the spraying
voltage 4 kV and the capillary temperature 150 ℃ (m/z=1109.7).
The PAP-treated peptide and the released pyroglutamic acid were separated by a RP-HPLC C18 column. The pyroglutamic acid was identified by comparison with the standard chromatography profile of pGlu (data not shown). The amino acid sequence of the PAP-treated peptide was determined to be Gly-Arg-Pro-Leu-Gly-Pro-Pro-Ile-Pro-Pro.
2.2 Bradykinin-potentiating effect of
TmF
Bradykinin caused guinea-pig ileum contraction in vitro, whereas TmF can potentiate bradykinin-induced contraction effect (Fig.3). The potentiating “unit” was statistically calculated to be (1.13±0.3) mg/L; bradykinin (1 mg/L) was used as control.
Fig.3 Guinea-pig ileum contraction effect of bradykinin, bradykinin +TmF in
vitro
A 2-cm segment of guinea-pig ileum was suspended in 10 mL of Krebs
solution at 37 ℃. The contraction effect of bradykinin (1 mg/L) alone was first
assayed. The baseline was resumed by washing the strip and bath with Krebs
solution. Afterwards, TmF was added and preincubated for about 1 min following
the addition of same dose of bradykinin (1 g/L). The potentiating effect of TmF
to bradykinin-induced contraction was statistically analyzed. One potentiating “unit”
was defined as the amount of peptide per liter needed to double the
bradykinin-induced contraction with bradykinin dose of 1 mg/L.
2.3 Hypotensive effect
The normal diastolic pressure of cat was (65±5) mmHg, bradykinin alone caused (5±3) mmHg descent to the normal blood pressure, while TmF could potentiate bradykinin-induced pressure-lowering effect with (14±2) mmHg; it was about three-fold to bradykinin alone (Table 1).
Table
1 Hypotensive effect of TmF to
bradykinin-induced blood-pressure-lowering effect in cat
|
|
Treatment (mg/kg) |
Hypotensive effect (mmHg) |
|
Bradykinin (control) |
5×10－5 |
60±5 |
|
|
8×10－5 |
47±3 |
|
Bradykinin+TmF |
5×10－5 +5×10－4 |
49±3 |
|
|
8×10-5+5×10－4 |
34±2 |
|
Bradykinin+TmF |
5×10－5 +1×10－3 |
35±2 |
|
|
8×10-5+1×10－3 |
25±3 |
The blood-pressure-lowering
effect of two doses of bradykinin was respectively recorded. And then, the
different combinations of TmF + bradykinin were checked. The decreasing values
of blood pressure were analyzed. Results are shown as x±s (n=3).
2.4 ACE inhibition effect
The ACE activity curve descended with the increasing of TmF concentration, 2 μg of TmF approximately caused IC50 of angiotensin-converting enzyme hydrolyzing activity to bradykinin.
3 Discussion
The TmF was purified from the venom of T. mucrosquamatus. The molecular mass of TmF was 1.1107 kD, which was in accordance with the calculated value of 1.1106 kD. The complete amino acid sequence of TmF was determined to be pGlu-Gly-Arg-Pro-Leu-Gly-Pro-Pro-Ile-Pro-Pro, which showed a high homology with venom BPPs from other genera. Except BPP5a, their sequences were conserved with N-terminal pGlu and C-terminal tripeptide Ile-Pro-Pro. The variable amino acids usually exist at the middle position with Gly, Pro, Arg or Trp (Table 2). The sequences of both BPPA and TmF were identical except one amino acid difference, although two undecapeptides were isolated from the venom of Agkistrodon andTrimeresurus genera, respectively. That indicated that venom BPPs probably came from a same ancestor.
Table
2 Amino acid sequences of TmF and alignment with other bradykinin-potentiating
peptides
|
Species |
Peptide |
Amino acid sequence |
|
Trimeresurus mucrosquamatus |
TmF* |
pGlu-Gly-Arg-Pro-Leu-Gly-Pro-Pro-Ile-Pro-Pro |
|
Bothrops jararaca |
BPP5a[14] |
pGlu-Lys-Trp-Ala-Pro |
|
Bothrops jararaca |
BPP9a[14] |
pGlu-Trp-Pro-Arg-Pro-Gln-Ile-Pro-Pro |
|
Agkistrodon halys blomhoffii |
BPPA[13] |
pGlu-Gly-Arg-Pro-Pro-Gly-Pro-Pro-Ile-Pro-Pro |
|
Agkistrodon halys blomhoffii |
BPPB[13] |
pGlu-Gly-Leu-Pro-Pro-Arg-Pro-Lys-Ile-Pro-Pro |
|
Agkistrodon halys blomhoffii |
BPPC[13] |
pGlu-Gly-Leu-Pro-Pro-Gly-Pro-Pro-Ile-Pro-Pro |
|
Bothrops neuwiedi |
BPP-III[7] |
pGlu-Gly-Gly-Trp-Pro-Arg-Pro-Glu-Ile-Pro-Pro |
*Data of this work. The
conserved amino acids at N- and C-termini are bolded; one amino acid difference
between TmF and BPPA was red.
cDNA cloning of BPPs revealed that the nucleotide sequences encoding different types of BPPs were tandemly aligned in precursor, one or more mature BPPs or its analogues were postulated to arise from the same ancestral peptide-coding region[17,18].
Like other venom BPPs, TmF also exhibited dual biological or pharmacological activity. The potentiating “unit” of TmF was (1.13±0.3) unit (mg/L), it was lower than those of captopril and bradykinin-potentiator B, whereas higher than those of BPF5a and peptide P (Table 3).
Table
3 Comparison of the potentiating “unit” of TmF, captopril,
bradykinin-potentiator B, BPf5a and peptide P
|
Substance |
Pu* (mg/L) |
|
TmF |
1.13±0.3 |
|
Captopril |
2±0.2[15] |
|
Bradykinin-potentiator B |
1.6±0.3[15] |
|
BPF5a |
0.8±0.2[15] |
|
Peptide P |
0.6±0.3 |
Pu*,
potentiating unit: milligrams of peptide per liter to double the magnitude of
contraction of a dose of bradykinin (1 g/L) on guinea-pig ileum in vitro.
Results are shown as x±s (n=3).
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), a zinc-metallopeptidase releasing a C-terminal dipeptide[19], can catalyze the breakdown of bradykinin into inactive products[20]. TmF, an ACE inhibitor, can block the ACE, thus the ACE activity decreased with the increasing dose of TmF (Fig.4).
Fig.4 Inhibition of the angiotensin-converting enzyme by TmF
Different doses of TmF were incubated with angiotensin-converting
enzyme (50 μg) in 1 mL of Krebs solution at 37 ℃ for about 30 min,
respectively, the residual activity of ACE was then assayed with bradykinin.
The hydrolyzing effect of ACE to BK in the absence of TmF was used as a
control. Results are shown as x±s (n=3).
The mechanism of dual biological activity exhibition of venom BPPs was complicated. Cushman et al.[21, 22] assumed that BPP was a competitive inhibitor to kininogenase II, which was capable of degrading bradykinin, thus bradykinin-potentiating effect was increased indirectly. However, He et al.[23] pointed out that the bradykinin-potentiating effect of these peptides on the bradykinin-induced contraction of guinea-pig ileum in vitro was not disturbed when kininogenase II was inhibited, that means there exists no interaction between BPPs and kininogenase II. Whereas this viewpoint didnt exclude the inhibition mechanism of BPP to kininogenase II in vivo[24－26]. In further research on venom BPPs, a new type of peptide POL 236[27] isolated from the venom of Crotalus atrox exerted only bradykinin-potentiating activity without inhibitory activity to ACE, although the amino acid sequence of POL 236 was identical to peptide P, which exhibited dual biological activities, except only one amino acid difference. So the real mechanism of BPP dual biological activity remains to be clarified. Nevertheless, some recent studies indicate that the biological effects of bradykinin are exerted through the activation of one transmembrane G-protein-coupled receptor denoted as B2 receptor[2], venom BPPs block B2 receptor desensitization, thereby potentiating bradykinin effect beyond blocking its hydrolysis[28].
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__________________________________________
Received: January 13, 2003 Accepted: April 18, 2003
This work was supported by a grant from the Yunnan Youth Science Foundation of China (No. 1999C0019Q)
*Corresponding author: Tel, 86-871-5192476;
Fax, 86-871-5191823; e-mail, [email protected]
or [email protected]